I've always been interested in the concept and construction of gender. My bachelor's degree is in anthropology; and, during school, I reveled in the study of humans, learning about our biological evolution, cultural diversity, social interactions, and behaviors across time and space. One of my favorite topics was women's studies. I was captivated by the kaleidoscope of expressions of womanhood across cultures and epochs, marveling at the resilience, diversity, and beauty woven into the fabric of human existence. As I learned about how different cultures define womanhood, I discovered a rich and complex interplay of social constructs, cultural norms, and individual experiences that shape our understanding of femininity.
Throughout history and across different cultures, womanhood has been described and understood in diverse ways, shaped by cultural norms, beliefs, and social roles. Gender is widely understood to be a social construct. This means that our gender identity, roles, and expressions are shaped by social, cultural, and historical factors. This has always fascinated me because it means our understanding of womanhood is not fixed; rather, it changes across time and region.
In ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, womanhood was often idealized in roles such as motherhood, wifehood, and caretaking within the household. Women were expected to embody virtues such as chastity, modesty, and domesticity, and their status and rights varied greatly depending on social class, ethnicity, and other factors.
Women in Egyptian society enjoyed a status that surpassed many of their counterparts in other ancient civilizations. They possessed remarkable legal and social rights, including the ability to own property, conduct trade, and even initiate divorce. Through marriage and familial ties, some women wielded considerable influence, leaving indelible marks on history.
Enthroned Madonna and Child, painted tempera on poplar panel, c. 1250/1275. Photo by National Gallery of Art.
Gender is a social construct, often represented and sometimes played with by clothing. Photo by Cottonbro Studio.
During the medieval period in Europe, the concept of womanhood was deeply intertwined with Christian ideals of piety, obedience, and humility. Women were tasked with fulfilling roles as devoted wives and nurturing mothers, playing a crucial role in supporting their husbands and raising children. Additionally, they were expected to adhere to societal norms of modesty and virtue, conforming to expectations that were heavily influenced by religious teachings and cultural beliefs of the time.
Across the globe, Indigenous cultures offer a rich tapestry of perspectives on womanhood, often highlighting the profound connections between women, nature, community, and spirituality. Within many of these cultures, women assume vital roles as healers, nurturers, and custodians of knowledge, playing pivotal roles in the well-being of their families and communities. Moreover, consensus-based decision-making processes are valued, ensuring that the voices and perspectives of all community members, including women, are heard and respected. In some Indigenous societies, such as those that are matrilineal, lineage and inheritance are traced through the maternal line, granting women significant influence in decision-making and leadership positions within their clans or communities.
In Thailand, the term “Kathoey” is used to describe individuals who were assigned male at birth but who identify and often live as women. They are sometimes known as transgender women. Kathoey individuals may choose to undergo hormone therapy or gender-affirming surgeries, but this is not universal among the community. In Thai society, Kathoey hold a complex cultural and social status. While historically accepted and integrated into Thai culture, they continue to face discrimination and stigma. However, Kathoey often occupy prominent roles in entertainment, particularly in cabaret shows and beauty pageants, where they are celebrated for their beauty, talent, and humor. It's important to note that the term “Kathoey” encompasses a broader spectrum of gender identities and expressions than the Western concept of transgender women. Some Kathoey individuals may identify strictly as women, while others may embrace more fluid or non-binary gender identities.
Each person’s connection to womanhood and/or femininity is unique. Photo by Sam Lion.
In modern Western cultures, womanhood is frequently viewed through the lens of individual rights, autonomy, and equality. Over time, women have made significant strides in gaining access to education, employment, and political engagement, challenging long-standing gender norms and expectations. This evolution has played a crucial role in reshaping societal perceptions of women's roles and capabilities, paving the way for greater gender equality and empowerment.
Each person's connection to womanhood is deeply personal and unique, shaped by a myriad of experiences, perspectives, and identities. What resonates with one individual may not necessarily resonate with another, and that's perfectly okay. Our understanding of womanhood is as diverse as the human experience itself, and embracing this diversity enriches our collective tapestry of identity.
As someone who was assigned female at birth, my journey with womanhood has been one of evolution and self-discovery. Discovering my truth as a nonbinary femme has been empowering, reshaping my understanding of gender and identity. While I still acknowledge my connection to womanhood, I've come to realize that it doesn't fully encapsulate the complexity of who I am. I exist in a realm beyond the confines of the gender binary, embracing a fluidity of expression that resonates authentically with my being.
As a Black femme, I often felt alienated by traditional notions of womanhood, as if they failed to encompass the full spectrum of
my identity. However, witnessing the fluidity of womanhood across different cultures and time periods has expanded my perspective. I've come to understand that my identity is not bound by narrow definitions or societal expectations. And the most awesome thing about it is that by embracing my nonbinary identity, I've discovered a profound sense of liberation and authenticity. I've created a space where I can fully embrace my unique experiences and existence, where I am seen, heard, and valued for who I truly am.
It's important to recognize that there is no one-size-fits-all definition of womanhood. For some, it may encompass traditional roles and expectations, while for others, it may be a fluid and evolving concept. Each person's journey with womanhood is valid and deserving of respect.
By embracing the diversity of experiences and perspectives within womanhood, we create space for everyone to authentically explore and define their own connection to it. We can celebrate the richness of our differences while recognizing that our individual identities do not diminish or invalidate the identities of others. Ultimately, allowing others the freedom to find their own connection to womanhood enriches our collective understanding of gender and fosters a more inclusive and compassionate society. It's through this acceptance and celebration of diversity that we can truly honor the complexity and beauty of the human experience.
Here are some key points about gender as a social construct:
Gender Identity: Gender identity refers to a person's internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. A variety of factors, including upbringing, socialization, cultural norms, and personal experiences influence this sense of self.
Gender Roles and Expectations: In most societies, there are specific roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. These gender roles can vary widely across different cultures and historical periods, and they often reflect social norms and attitudes about masculinity, femininity, and gender relations.
Gender Expression: Gender expression refers to the way individuals outwardly present their gender through clothing, appearance, mannerisms, and other behaviors. While certain forms of expression may be culturally associated with masculinity or femininity, they are not inherently tied to biological sex.
Socialization: From a young age, individuals are socialized into understanding and performing gender according to societal norms and expectations. This process begins in childhood and continues throughout life, influencing everything from language use to career choices.
Intersectionality: Gender intersects with other social categories such as race, class, sexuality, and disability, shaping people's experiences and opportunities in complex ways. Intersectional perspectives highlight the ways in which different aspects of identity intersect and interact to produce unique experiences of gender.
Portrait of a Woman, painted encaustic on wood from Egypt, 2nd century. Photo by National Gallery of Art.
